Enthium is a highly performant adaptation of the Engrammer and Hands Down Promethium keyboard layouts. It restores familiarity with Arno’s Engram 2.0 layout (YOU on the left hand) and the Dvorak layout (HTNS on the right hand) while optimizing punctuation for programming in the spirit of Engrammer, featuring HJKL and ,; for Vim, -= for zooming, and ./ for filesystem paths.

1. Layout
   1. Rationale
   2. Performance
2. Journey
   1. Training
   2. Evaluation
   3. Refinement
      1. PF and WV
      2. Q and Z
      3. B and V
      4. O and U
      5. @jcbql suggestions
      6. @Valarauka suggestions
   4. Conclusion

Layout

  z y o u = q l d p x
w c i a e ; k h t n s f
  ' - , . / j m g b v
            r

Rationale

• The primary same-finger bigrams UE (0.08%), OA (0.05%), and YI (0.03%) can be raked down vertically, minimizing their impact on typing flow and performance.

• Pinky load is distributed by frequency: heavy letters W (1.77%) and F (2.14%) are close at hand on the home row’s lateral pinky keys (CapsLock, Apostrophe); medium letters ' (0.47%) and V (1.09%) are on the lower row pinky keys; and light letters Z (0.09%) and X (0.02%) are on the upper row, which all together help reduce strain for short pinky fingers or those weakened by convention.

• Apostrophe is away (on a different finger entirely) from YOU and I so that it can be typed without same-finger bigrams like You’d, I’d, He’d, They’d.

• Comma, period, slash, and semicolon are arranged relatively to QWERTY for ease of adaptation, especially for navigation and application shortcuts.

• Period and slash are clustered for ./ ../ relative filesystem paths and easy access to forward slash and question mark for Vim text search.

• Comma and semicolon are associated for cycling f/F/t/T searches in Vim.

• Minus and equals are associated for intuitive zooming in/out with Ctrl.

Performance

The keyboard layout community commonly recommends Pascal Getreuer’s guide and ranking tables as a starting point for layout exploration, and you’ll see that Enthium is statistically among the best layouts there.

Comparing with conventional layout rankings:

• 0.02% LSBs — wins 🥇 first place; beats the entire table!
• 0.55% SFBs — wins 🥈 second place; surpassed by Focal
• 1.36% redirects — wins 🥇 first place; beats the entire table!
• 0.17% scissors — fifth place; after ColemakDH, MTGAP, APTv3, Dvorak
• 47.02% rolls — beats Focal, MTGAP, Graphite, Gallium, HandsDownNeu, Halmak
• 3.31% pinky off — beats APTv3, Semimak, MTGAP, Dvorak, Recurva, Halmak, Engram

Comparing with thumb-letter layout rankings:

• 0.02% LSBs — wins 🥇 first place; beats the entire table!
• 0.55% SFBs — wins 🥈 second place; surpassed by Night
• 1.36% redirects — wins 🥉 third place; after Vibranium, Nordrassil
• 0.17% scissors — fourth place; after Maltron, Promethium, RSTHD
• 47.02% rolls — fourth place; after Caster, Maltron, RSTHD
• 3.31% pinky off — fourth place; after Night, Nordrassil, RSTHD

Enthium’s SFBs can be neutralized by raking them down vertically:

• 0.55% total SFBs - 0.34% rakeable SFBs = 0.21% effective SFBs
  • e. (0.14%)
  • ue (0.08%)
  • oa (0.05%)
  • yi (0.03%)
  • a, (0.02%)
  • hm (0.01%)
  • nb (0.01%)

These results come from Cyanophage’s Layout Analyzer, as detailed in the README.

Journey

Intrigued by the Hands Down Promethium keyboard layout, which enhances the Engram layout with a HJKL cluster for Vim as well as advanced layout design and optimization heuristics pioneered by Alan Reiser’s Hands Down family of layouts, I sought to improve upon its placement of punctuation, in the spirit of the Engrammer layout, by moving apostrophe to a different finger entirely from YOU and I so it can be typed without same-finger bigrams such as you'd, I'd, they'd.

  f p d l x ; u o y b z
  s n t h k , a e i c q
\ v w g m j / . = - '
          r

This change reduced same-finger bigrams from 0.58% to 0.55% in Cyanophage’s analyzer, motivating me to continue customizing the layout and nuances further. Notably, I mirrored the layout horizontally because I’d like to keep all vowels on the left hand (just like Dvorak and Engram/mer), but I was unable to move the R thumb key to the right hand in Cyanophage’s analyzer playground. Curiously, this resulted in a lower Total Word Effort than the canonical version — but why?

  b y o u ; x l d p f
q c i e a , k h t n s z
  ' - = . / j m g w v
            r

Training

Next, I began practicing this layout with a fresh training profile on KeyBr. After nearly 7.5 hours of training, I finally unlocked all the alphabets at an average speed of 42.6 WPM and an accuracy of 95.82%, using my Glove80 keyboard.

During the rigorous training, I wrote the following observations in my notebook:

• The most apparent and enduring change is the swap of N and S on the right hand’s home row. I had experienced the same thing before when switching to Engram (HTSN) from BEAKL-15 (STNB) and Dvorak (HTNS), which both have -TN-.

• N feels good to tap with the ring finger, which is stronger than the pinky.

• NG, ND, SP scissors are shortened (clustered closer together) and powerful!

• The layout is compact, with plenty of rolling and flowing around the center of the right hand. I’m not impeded in my typing at all; it feels efficient.

• W is taking a long time to clear, but its training helps strengthen N vs S.

  Cleared W at 3 hours and 18 minutes after completing 356 lessons with speed 43.1 (average) to 59.2 (top) WPM, and accuracy 96.23%.

• WN is a same-finger bigram — the only one I really noticed — but the ring finger is dexterous enough to tap them quickly in succession as it ascends.

• FF on pinky finger’s upper row feels weak… maybe I just need more practice? I might consider using a BFh variant to bring B and F down to the home row.

• Q took a long time too and it strained my hand to practice so many one-handed QU drills in a short time but, in reality, Q ought to be infrequent.

  Cleared Q at 6 hours and 45 minutes after completing 720 lessons with speed 42.5 (average) to 60.4 (top) WPM, and accuracy 95.96%.

Evaluation

I spent a day with the layout in the real world to evaluate its effectiveness in the terminal and Vim (especially on my Linux laptop keyboard), and noticed that:

• WN is a stair-step ascension same-finger bigram that I wished I could rake down instead
• DW (2u skip) is not as convenient for Vim as it was in Engram (which puts them adjacent)
• FG (2u skip) is not as convenient for shell background jobs (bg, fg) as it was in Engram
• SW (half scissor) feels a little bit weaker curling inward than reaching up (as in Engram)
• FF (e.g. “stuff”) is a little bit of a chore for the pinky finger to tap twice in the upper row

Refinement

PF and WV

I really didn’t want to deviate from the canonical Hands Down Promethium layout (this “Enthium” derivative was just supposed to be a simple horizontal mirror, plus some rearranged punctuation marks) so I reluctantly went to the keyboard layout analyzer playgrounds to see how bad it would be to swap PF with WV… and to my complete surprise, this change hardly affected the layout’s performance:

  b y o u ; x l d w v
q c i e a , k h t n s z
  ' - = . / j m g p f
            r

• Oxey’s analyzer showed no changes at all in the stats!
• KeySolve analyzer showed an increase in FSB from 0.14% to 0.37% but the other stats improved: FSS reduced from 0.82% to 0.48%, HSB reduced from 6.05% to 5.64%, and HSS reduced from 5.97% to 5.50%; everything else was identical.
• Cyanophage analyzer’s Total Word Effort increased from 730.9 to 735.9 but all other stats remained the same!

I’m so glad this experiment worked out because it makes the layout a lot more comfortable for me in practice and it would also further reduce the barrier to entry for others seeking to switch over to Enthium from the Engrammer layout. :)

Q and Z

After the first month of real-world use, I also swapped Q with Z to be like Engram (with Q typed by the right pinky finger) in order to avoid one-handed QU sequences (in favor of hand alternation) which overwork the left pinky finger during KeyBr training (see the last observation above) and in real usage.

  b y o u ; x l d w v
z c i e a , k h t n s q
  ' - = . / j m g p f
            r

This deviation incurred a modest increase in Oxey’s analyzer’s Total Redirects from 0.350% to 3.389%, along with a decrease in Onehands from 2.206% to 2.091%, and a significant increase in the Total Rolls score from 43.816% up to 44.055%. Similarly, Cyanophage’s Total Word Effort score decreased from 735.9 to 735.1, along with a negligible increase in the Effort score from 398.34 up to 398.38, and with similarly modest differences in the Trigram Stats score distribution. In contrast, there was no change at all in the KeySolve analyzer’s statistics!

B and V

After the second month of real-world use, I reverted the previous Q and Z swap and then rotated B and V out from the upper row to the home row lateral in order to avoid reaching up with short pinky fingers or those weakened by convention.

  q y o u ; x l d w z
b c i e a , k h t n s v
  ' - = . / j m g p f
            r

In the Cyanophage analyzer, this change reduces Pinky/Ring Scissors from 0.49% down to 0.35% (huge drop!) and Skip Bigrams (2u) from 0.30% down to 0.29%. The other analyzers don’t fully comprehend the placement of lateral pinky keys, as explained in the note at the top of each analyzer’s respective subheading, but Oxey’s analyzer reports a notable reduction in SFBs from 0.829% to 0.818%.

O and U

O and U are swapped (changing the inward-rolling YOU into a redirecting YUO) to distribute finger workload more evenly (especially for the middle finger) and to avoid same-finger bigrams on AU (as in “author”) and EO (as in “people”).

0.48% SFBs, 0.18% LSBs, 0.08% scissors, 45.30% rolls, 2.83% redirects

  q y u o / x l d w z
b c i e a , k h t n s v
  ' - = . ; j m g p f
            r

This change was suggested by the creator of Cyanophage’s Analyzer himself 🤩 since it reduced SFBs from 0.55% to 0.49% and LSBs from 0.23% to 0.20% in his analyzer. Similarly, it reduces SFBs to 0.795% in Oxey’s analyzer, elevating this layout to 🥇 first place in Pascal Getreuer’s performance rankings for SFBs and LSBs!

@jcbql suggestions

After releasing Enthium v9, I received some powerful performance improvement suggestions from @jcbql in GitHub issue 6, which sparked a chain of further evaluation of 16 different candidates! in search of the next Enthium v10 layout:

0.42% SFBs, 0.15% LSBs, 0.08% scissors, 46.53% rolls, 2.18% redirects, 3.31% pinky off

  z y u o ; q l d p x
w c i e a , k h t n s f
  ' - = . / j m g b v
            r

Metric	v10	v9	Change
SFBs	0.42%	0.48%	Improved ✅
LSBs	0.15%	0.18%	Improved ✅
Scissors	0.08%	0.08%	Same ⚖️
Skipgrams (2u)	0.32%	0.35%	Improved ✅
Rolls	46.53%	45.30%	Improved ✅
Redirects	2.18%	2.06%	Slight ↑ ⚠️
Pinky/Ring Scissors	0.37%	0.35%	Slight ↑ ⚠️
PinkyOff	3.31%	3.51%	Improved ✅

@Valarauka suggestions

After releasing Enthium v10, I received suggestions from @Valarauka on Reddit for restoring YOU as an inward roll, which sparked further experimentation and evaluation of 9 different candidates! in search of the next Enthium v11 layout:

0.21%–0.55% SFBs, 0.02% LSBs, 0.17% scissors, 47.02% rolls, 1.36% redirects, 3.31% pinky off

  z y o u = q l d p x
w c i a e ; k h t n s f
  ' - , . / j m g b v
            r

• Restores YOU from Engram and ,./; from QWERTY.
• Preserves apostrophe independence from vowels.
• Maintains logical association of -= and ,; and ./
• Allows downward raking for many SFBs (0.21% effective)
• Allows triple-key rake/slide for ue. endings. 🛝
• Improves rolling in Cyanophage’s Same Hand Strings:
  • ECAU → redirect + inward-up roll ↗️
  • ECIA → redirect + contiguous roll 🛼
  • OCIA → redirect + contiguous roll 🗞️
  • ICIA → redirect + contiguous roll 🧻
  • ECEI → index/pinky E ping → C pong → E pang 🏓

Conclusion

The differences between Engram/mer and Enthium are so minimal that one might switch to it completely with about 6 hours¹ of practice, spread over 2-3 days (start Friday and use weekend), to unlock all letters in KeyBr training. Enjoy!